tidy-up: OS names

Use these words and casing more consistently across text, comments and
one curl tool output:
AIX, ALPN, ANSI, BSD, Cygwin, Darwin, FreeBSD, GitHub, HP-UX, Linux,

tidy-up: OS names

Use these words and casing more consistently across text, comments and
one curl tool output:
AIX, ALPN, ANSI, BSD, Cygwin, Darwin, FreeBSD, GitHub, HP-UX, Linux,
macOS, MS-DOS, MSYS, MinGW, NTLM, POSIX, Solaris, UNIX, Unix, Unicode,
WINE, WebDAV, Win32, winbind, WinIDN, Windows, Windows CE, Winsock.

Mostly OS names and a few more.

Also a couple of other minor text fixups.

Closes #14360

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tool_writeout_json: fix JSON encoding of non-ascii bytes

char variables if unspecified can be either signed or unsigned depending
on the platform according to the C standard; in most pla

tool_writeout_json: fix JSON encoding of non-ascii bytes

char variables if unspecified can be either signed or unsigned depending
on the platform according to the C standard; in most platforms, they are
signed.

This meant that the *i<32 waas always true for bytes with the top bit
set. So they were always getting encoded as \uXXXX, and then since they
were also signed negative, they were getting extended with 1s causing
'\xe2' to be expanded to \uffffffe2, for example:

$ curl --variable 'v=“' --expand-write-out '{{v:json}}\n' file:///dev/null
\uffffffe2\uffffff80\uffffff9c

I fixed this bug by making the code use explicitly unsigned char*
variables instead of char* variables.

Test 268 verifies

Reported-by: iconoclasthero
Closes #12434

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