random: Pass algorithm and state together as `php_random_algo_with_state` (#13350)

* random: Remove `php_random_status`

Since 162e1dce9870168cb8c65c013f2b5a510b6536b1, the `php_rand

random: Pass algorithm and state together as `php_random_algo_with_state` (#13350)

* random: Remove `php_random_status`

Since 162e1dce9870168cb8c65c013f2b5a510b6536b1, the `php_random_status` struct
contains just a single `void*`, resulting in needless indirection when
accessing the engine state and thus decreasing readability because of the
additional non-meaningful `->state` references / the local helper variables.

There is also a small, but measurable performance benefit:

<?php
$e = new Random\Engine\Xoshiro256StarStar(0);
$r = new Random\Randomizer($e);

for ($i = 0; $i < 15; $i++)
var_dump(strlen($r->getBytes(100000000)));

goes from roughly 3.85s down to 3.60s.

The names of the `status` variables have not yet been touched to keep the diff
small. They will be renamed to the more appropriate `state` in a follow-up
cleanup commit.

* Introduce `php_random_algo_with_state`

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random: Fix γ-section implementation for Randomizer::getFloat() (#12402)

The reference implementation of the "Drawing Random Floating-Point Numbers from
an Interval" paper contains two m

random: Fix γ-section implementation for Randomizer::getFloat() (#12402)

The reference implementation of the "Drawing Random Floating-Point Numbers from
an Interval" paper contains two mistakes that will result in erroneous values
being returned under certain circumstances:

- For large values of `g` the multiplication of `k * g` might overflow to
infinity.
- The value of `ceilint()` might exceed 2^53, possibly leading to a rounding
error when promoting `k` to double within the multiplication of `k * g`.

This commit updates the implementation based on Prof. Goualard suggestions
after reaching out to him. It will correctly handle inputs larger than 2^-1020
in absolute values. This limitation will be documented and those inputs
possibly be rejected in a follow-up commit depending on performance concerns.

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Revert GH-10220

Cf. <https://github.com/php/php-src/pull/10220#issuecomment-1383739816>.

This reverts commit ecc880f491d66081298a16634629f149459706a9.
This reverts commit 588a07

Revert GH-10220

Cf. <https://github.com/php/php-src/pull/10220#issuecomment-1383739816>.

This reverts commit ecc880f491d66081298a16634629f149459706a9.
This reverts commit 588a07f7371ee2b5fac17de147926780e427fae6.
This reverts commit f377e15751d3aa48b69cd9bcc366ede7803d511f.
This reverts commit b4ba16fe189b109144aff669e11d81365160104b.
This reverts commit 694ec1deea36e366b28b6349a52be49824e1a1a8.
This reverts commit 6b34de8eba9f66882ae16e6073af28783670ac53.
This reverts commit aa1cd02a4367834026ea2205ea13a2f904455aa1.
This reverts commit 308fd311ea6fcf3094b448df7f2b264f08e4fe4f.
This reverts commit 16203b53e1822a37b6ba6f2ab198bb435d05fdad.
This reverts commit 738fb5ca5412f5e833a7fab82b11519e635a3357.
This reverts commit 9fdbefacd3c382d731aa175b7bdc002ec9cb2b30.
This reverts commit cd4a7c1d90562ebb5f89caf94d00d579631b9fbe.
This reverts commit 928685eba2b2f0ded90e7f78fd806ea164002f6e.
This reverts commit 01e5ffc85cd4357fd7b5b7ceefa29f2d10ca26b7.

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ext/{standard,json,random,...}: add missing includes

random: Randomizer::getFloat(): Fix check for empty open intervals (#10185)

* random: Randomizer::getFloat(): Fix check for empty open intervals

The check for invalid parameters for

random: Randomizer::getFloat(): Fix check for empty open intervals (#10185)

* random: Randomizer::getFloat(): Fix check for empty open intervals

The check for invalid parameters for the IntervalBoundary::OpenOpen variant was
not correct: If two consecutive doubles are passed as parameters, the resulting
interval is empty, resulting in an uint64 underflow in the γ-section
implementation.

Instead of checking whether `$min < $max`, we must check that there is at least
one more double between `$min` and `$max`, i.e. it must hold that:

nextafter($min, $max) != $max

Instead of duplicating the comparatively complicated and expensive `nextafter`
logic for a rare error case we instead return `NAN` from the γ-section
implementation when the parameters result in an empty interval and thus underflow.

This allows us to reliably detect this specific error case *after* the fact,
but without modifying the engine state. It also provides reliable error
reporting for other internal functions that might use the γ-section
implementation.

* random: γ-section: Also check that that min is smaller than max

This extends the empty-interval check in the γ-section implementation with a
check that min is actually the smaller of the two parameters.

* random: Use PHP_FLOAT_EPSILON in getFloat_error.phpt

Co-authored-by: Christoph M. Becker <cmbecker69@gmx.de>

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Add Randomizer::nextFloat() and Randomizer::getFloat() (#9679)

* random: Add Randomizer::nextFloat()

* random: Check that doubles are IEEE-754 in Randomizer::nextFloat()

*

Add Randomizer::nextFloat() and Randomizer::getFloat() (#9679)

* random: Add Randomizer::nextFloat()

* random: Check that doubles are IEEE-754 in Randomizer::nextFloat()

* random: Add Randomizer::nextFloat() tests

* random: Add Randomizer::getFloat() implementing the y-section algorithm

The algorithm is published in:

Drawing Random Floating-Point Numbers from an Interval. Frédéric
Goualard, ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul., 32:3, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3503512

* random: Implement getFloat_gamma() optimization

see https://github.com/php/php-src/pull/9679/files#r994668327

* random: Add Random\IntervalBoundary

* random: Split the implementation of γ-section into its own file

* random: Add tests for Randomizer::getFloat()

* random: Fix γ-section for 32-bit systems

* random: Replace check for __STDC_IEC_559__ by compile-time check for DBL_MANT_DIG

* random: Drop nextFloat_spacing.phpt

* random: Optimize Randomizer::getFloat() implementation

* random: Reject non-finite parameters in Randomizer::getFloat()

* random: Add NEWS/UPGRADING for Randomizer’s float functionality

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