unix, windows: return error codes directly

This commit changes the libuv API to return error codes directly rather
than storing them in a loop-global field.

A code snippet like

unix, windows: return error codes directly

This commit changes the libuv API to return error codes directly rather
than storing them in a loop-global field.

A code snippet like this one:

if (uv_foo(loop) < 0) {
uv_err_t err = uv_last_error(loop);
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", uv_strerror(err));
}

Should be rewritten like this:

int err = uv_foo(loop);
if (err < 0)
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", uv_strerror(err));

The rationale for this change is that it should make creating bindings
for other languages a lot easier: dealing with struct return values is
painful with most FFIs and often downright buggy.

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stream: add an API to make streams do blocking writes

This patch adds the `uv_stream_set_blocking` API which makes all
uv_write calls to that stream blocking. It currently only works for

stream: add an API to make streams do blocking writes

This patch adds the `uv_stream_set_blocking` API which makes all
uv_write calls to that stream blocking. It currently only works for
pipes, on windows.

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win: fix UV_EALREADY incorrectly set

UV_EALREADY itself is already a libuv error, it should be set with
uv__set_artifical_error and not with uv__set_sys_error.

Closes #802

windows: use UV_HANDLE_READABLE and UV_HANDLE_WRITABLE

These flags supersede UV_HANDLE_EOF and UV_HANDLE_SHUTTING. This patch
also moves a lot of stream related state-checking code to st

windows: use UV_HANDLE_READABLE and UV_HANDLE_WRITABLE

These flags supersede UV_HANDLE_EOF and UV_HANDLE_SHUTTING. This patch
also moves a lot of stream related state-checking code to stream.c.

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windows: move some stream functions to stream-inl.h

windows: inline a couple of handle functions

windows: inline a couple of inline request functions

unix, windows: rework reference counting scheme

This commit changes how the event loop determines if it needs to stay alive.

Previously, an internal counter was increased whenever a

unix, windows: rework reference counting scheme

This commit changes how the event loop determines if it needs to stay alive.

Previously, an internal counter was increased whenever a handle got created
and decreased again when the handle was closed.

While conceptually simple, it turned out hard to work with: you often want
to keep the event loop alive only if the handle is actually doing something.
Stopped or inactive handles were a frequent source of hanging event loops.

That's why this commit changes the reference counting scheme to a model where
a handle only references the event loop when it's active. 'Active' means
different things for different handle types, e.g.:

* timers: ticking
* sockets: reading, writing or listening
* processes: always active (for now, subject to change)
* idle, check, prepare: only active when started

This commit also changes how the uv_ref() and uv_unref() functions work: they
now operate on the level of individual handles, not the whole event loop.

The Windows implementation was done by Bert Belder.

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const-ify stream argument to uv_is_readable() and uv_is_writable()

Windows: make sure that shutdown_cb is always called

This patch changes how uv-win uses the UV_SHUTTING and UV_SHUT flags.
UV_SHUT is now only used for tcp handles to track whether shutd

Windows: make sure that shutdown_cb is always called

This patch changes how uv-win uses the UV_SHUTTING and UV_SHUT flags.
UV_SHUT is now only used for tcp handles to track whether shutdown() has
actually been called. UV_SHUTTING has the more generic meaning of
"no longer readable". It would be good to replace it by an actual
UV_READABLE flag in the future.

This makes the shutdown_close_tcp and shutdown_close_pipe tests pass on
windows.

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Windows: make the refcount tests pass

Windows: fix connecting a pipe in the thread pool

The code didn't function. Fixes the pipe_pound benchmarks.

support half-duplex pipes

windows: stdio over non-overlapped pipes

ipc on windows

Fixes #76. Unify OS error reporting

As a nice fringe benefit, this also shaves a word
off of a windows TCP handle by replacing "uv_err_t
bind_error" with "int bind_error".

win tty: Fix typo

win: implement tty

loose end: line-buffered input reads ascii, not unicode

win: multiplicity

win: store the tcp deferred bind error in uv_tcp_t.bind_error, remove uv_handle_t.error

merge uv_tcp_listen and uv_pipe_listen into uv_listen

Split up uv-win.c